Xenin, a hormone of satiety
REVIEWS
Abstract
This review summarizes the physiological effects of xenin-25, a regulatory peptide secreted by K cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa. These same cells also secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Based on its primary structure, xenin is classified as a member of the neurotensin family of peptides, which also includes motilin, neuromedin N, and ghrelin. A specific xenin receptor has not yet been identified, but xenin is known to bind to neurotensin receptors type 1. After a meal, xenin plasma levels increase. Xenin inhibits gastric emptying and reduces small intestinal motility. Acting through numerous peripheral and central mechanisms, xenin enhances the feeling of satiety and reduces food intake. Xenin stimulates insulin secretion and protects beta cells of the islets of Langerhans from damaging factors. In adipose tissue, xenin reduces lipogenesis and enhances lipolysis. Xenin is one of the most ancient, and possibly the most ancient, regulatory peptides: the xenin motif is present in the primary structure of proteins in all taxa, from prokaryotes to humans. The peptide's absolute conservatism attests to its high biological significance. Long-acting artificial hybrid peptides based on xenin hold clinical promise for the development of new drugs for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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