Молекулярные механизмы преэклампсии
ОБЗОРЫ
Аннотация
Преэклампсия (ПЭ) — один из больших акушерских синдромов, проявляющийся стойким повышением артериального давления и сопутствующими осложнениями, а в тяжелых случаях — системным поражением органов матери и плода. Из-за сложности этиологии этого заболевания до сих пор не найдены ключевые и достоверные молекулярные маркеры, которые можно было бы использовать как предикторы для ранней диагностики ПЭ или как терапевтические мишени для ее лечения. В обзоре анализируются накопленные к настоящему времени данные о важнейших молекулярных процессах, лежащих в основе развития ПЭ, — дисбалансе между синтезом проангиогенных и антиангиогенных факторов (растворимой fms-подобной тирозинкиназы sFlt-1, эндоглина Eng, фактора роста плаценты PlGF и фактора роста эндотелия сосудов VEGF), фетоплацентарных молекул (РАРР-А и РР-13), нарушении иммунологических реакций (Т-хелперов лимфоцитов TH, клеток-киллеров uNK, рецепторов TLRs), эпигенетических механизмах (аномальной экспрессии miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA), активации эффекторов профибротического сигнального пути кардиотонического стероида маринобуфагенина и транскрипционного фактора Fli1. Cовременные данные подчеркивают сложный профиль этиологии и патогенеза ПЭ. Изменение соотношения уровней проангиогенных и антиангиогенных факторов может быть одним из наиболее ранних молекулярных механизмов, лежащих в основе аномальной плацентации и ишемии плаценты. Нарушения эпигенетических механизмов регуляции плацентации и роста сосудов, в частности аномальные изменения экспрессии нескольких типов микро-РНК, также играют важную роль в развитии ПЭ. Дальнейшее развитие патофизиологических событий, связанное с неблагоприятными исходами беременности при ПЭ, включает оксидативный стресс и иммунные реакции, а также развития фиброза сосудов.
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